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00:00:05:17	Yeah, home computer is a powerful tool, but it must start data reliably toe work well.
00:00:20:23	Otherwise, it's kind of pointless, isn't it? Let's look inside and see how it stores data.
00:00:26:10	Look at that.
00:00:30:15	It's marvelous.
00:00:31:12	It's an ordinary hard drive.
00:00:33:01	But its details, of course, are extraordinary.
00:00:35:08	Now I'm sure you know the essence of a hard drive.
00:00:37:13	We store data on it in binary form, ones and zeros.
00:00:40:14	Now this arm supports ahead, which is an electro magnet that scans over the disk and either writes data by changing the Magan ization of specific sections on the platter.
00:00:49:03	Or it just reads the data by measuring the magnetic polarization in principle.
00:00:53:15	Pretty simple, but in practice, Ah, lot of hardcore engineering.
00:00:57:13	The'keeper's focus lies in being sure that the head can precisely error free, read and write to the disk.
00:01:04:12	The first order of business is to move it with great control.
00:01:07:09	To position the arm, engineers use a voice coil actuator.
00:01:11:03	The base of the arm sits between two powerful magnets.
00:01:13:23	They're so strong they're actually kind of hard to pull apart.
00:01:16:23	There.
00:01:17:18	The arm moves because of a Lawrence force pass, a current through a wire that's in a magnetic field and the wire experiences of force reverse the current, and the force also reverses as current flows in one direction in the coil.
00:01:30:08	The force created by the permanent magnet makes the arm move this way.
00:01:33:13	Reverse the current and it moves back.
00:01:35:23	The force of the arm is directly proportional to the current through the coil, which allows the arms position to be finally tuned.
00:01:42:15	Unlike a mechanical system of linkages, there is minimal wear, and it isn't sensitive to temperature.
00:01:48:12	At the end of the arm lies the most critical component.
00:01:52:00	The head.
00:01:52:22	At its simplest, it's a piece of fair magnetic material wrapped with wire as it passes over the magnetized sections of the platter.
00:01:59:12	It measures changes in the direction of the magnetic poles recall.
00:02:02:21	Faraday's law.
00:02:03:20	A change in magnet ization, produces a voltage in a nearby coil.
00:02:08:04	So as the head passes a section where the polarity has changed, it records a voltage spike.
00:02:13:09	The spikes, both negative and positive, represented one, and when there is no voltage, spike corresponds to a zero.
00:02:19:12	The head gets astonishingly close to the death surface.
00:02:22:03	100 nanometers and older drives but today under 10 nanometers in the newest ones.
00:02:26:20	As the head gets closer to the disk, it's magnetic field covers less area, allowing firm or sectors of information to be packed onto the disc's surface.
00:02:34:21	To keep that critical height, engineers use an ingenious method.
00:02:38:05	They float the head over the disk you see as the dispense.
00:02:42:00	It forms a boundary layer of air that gets dragged past the stationary head at 80 MPH.
00:02:46:12	At the outer edge, the head rides on a slider aerodynamically designed to float above the platter on.
00:02:52:10	The genius of this air bearing technology is itself induce adjustment.
00:02:56:08	If any disturbance causes a slider to rise too high, it floats back to where it should be now because the head is so close to the disservice.
00:03:03:18	Any stray particles could damage the disk, resulting in data loss.
00:03:06:19	So engineers place this recirculating filter in the airflow, yet removes small particles scraped off the platter to keep the head flying.
00:03:15:00	At the right height, the platter is made incredibly smooth.
00:03:18:03	Typically, this platter is so smooth that it has a surface roughness of about one nanometer.
00:03:23:03	To give you an idea of how smooth, that is, Let's imagine that this section is enlarged intelligence long as a football field of American or international.
00:03:30:16	The average bump on the surface would be about three hundreds of an inch.
00:03:35:09	The key element of the platter is the magnetic layer, which is cobalt with perhaps platinum and nickel mixed in.
00:03:40:20	Now this mixture of metals has high Corsetti, which means that it will maintain that magnet ization and thus data until it's exposed to another powerful magnetic field.
00:03:49:22	One last thing that I find enormously clever.
00:03:52:06	Using a bit of math to squeeze up to 40% more information on the disk, consider this sequence of magnetic poles on the disc's surface.
00:04:00:04	010111 A scam by the head would reveal these distinct voltage spikes, both positive or negative, for the ones we would be easily able distinguish it from, say, this similar sequence.
00:04:12:20	If we compare them, they clearly differ.
00:04:15:16	Engineers, though, always work to get mawr and more data onto a hard drive.
00:04:19:18	One way to do this is to shrink the magnetic domains.
00:04:22:06	But look what happens to the voltage spikes when we do this.
00:04:24:23	For each sequence, the spikes of the ones now overlap and superimpose, giving fuzzy signals.
00:04:30:07	In fact, the two sequences now look very similar, using a technique called partial response.
00:04:35:00	Maximum likelihood.
00:04:36:06	Engineers have developed sophisticated codes that could take a murky signal like this.
00:04:40:05	Generate the possible sequences that could make it up and then choose the most probable.
00:04:44:15	As with any successful technology, these hard drives remain unnoticed in our daily lives unless something goes wrong.
00:04:51:01	I'm Bill Hammock, the engineer guy.